plastic polymer examples

Essentially, the entire heated, finished article becomes one large molecule. These macromolecules are present in virtually everything that surrounds us. The most familiar plastic polymers including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), epoxy and polyester (PS) are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons. Besides conductivity, important electrical properties include dielectric strength (resistance to breakdown at high voltages) and dielectric loss (a measure of the energy dissipated as heat when an alternating current is applied). In addition, the relative crystallinities of the major plastics are indicated in the table of properties and applications. The definition of a plastic material is a compound of polymer plus additives that has the capabilities of being shaped or molded into a valuable product. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. (Left) Volume-temperature diagram for amorphous and semicrystalline polymers, showing volume increasing with temperature. In many plastic products, the polymer is only one constituent. Some are known as Totally Degradable Plastic Additives, TDPAs. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. • Examples of plastics used in building are: Acrylic Composites Expanded Polystyrene Polycarbonate Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyvinyl Chloride 3. This gives the material a stiffness and high dimensional stability under stress that are of great importance in beverage bottles and recording tape. In order for a plastic to have a long and useful life in any application, the properties of that plastic should change as little as possible with time. For example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used in polyolefin packaging films for foods and pharmaceuticals. The polymer called Polyethylene is used in plastic bags and film wraps. Because all carbon-based polymers are subject to oxidation, the most common stabilizers are antioxidants. Plastic Applications. The effect is less dramatic when temperature is below the polymer’s Tg. Polyethylene is one of the most common polymeric materials found in plastic packaging, bottles and shopping bags. However, the majority of the plastic products produced worldwide are made from just six different plastic materials, namely polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polyester … Finely divided silica, carbon black, talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as short fibres of a variety of materials, can be incorporated as particulate fillers. Polymers are chemical compounds whose molecules are very large, often resembling long chains made up of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links. While plastics are used as a common example of polymers, there are many other materials which are also polymers which include anything plastic, proteins such as hair, nails, shells, DNA, silly putty, Styrofoam cups and plates, plastic bottles, and blocks of wood. They form a three-dimensional structure on the application of heat. Horn is made of keratin - a mixed carbon-nitrogen polymer - … Other stabilizers are designed specifically to reduce degradation by sunlight, ozone, and biological agents. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-are-examples-of-polymers-604299. Data was recorded independently by two authors as follows: sample type (i.e. There are two types of polymers: Natural polymers : They are those found in nature. The most commonly specified mechanical properties of polymers include stiffness and breaking stress, quantified in the table of properties and applications as flexural modulus and tensile strength. For example, medieval craftsmen made lantern windows out of translucent slices of animal horn. Thus polymer is a bigger molecule made up of various smaller molecules, therefore polymers are also known as macromolecules. These materials are used in a diverse range of applications. Incorporating large amounts of particulate filler during the making of plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene can increase their stiffness. Examples of thermoset plastic products include glass-reinforced-polyester boat hulls and circuit-breaker components, epoxy printed-circuit boards, and melamine dinnerware. For example, graphene is a polymer made up of long carbon chains. Library of Plastics, Resins, and Elastomers This new web-based library gives a brief overview of the most common resins, plastics and elastomers, their properties, uses, and manufacture. Here is a list of materials that are natural and synthetic polymers, plus some examples of materials that are not polymers at all. Polymers include: Polymers do not start out big. Hindered phenols and tertiary amines are used in plastics in concentrations as low as a few parts per million. Although other polymers can be plasticized, PVC is unique in accepting and retaining plasticizers of widely varying chemical composition and molecular size. Thicker plastic material is often called a “sheet”. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Are Some Examples of Polymers?" Earlier in this chapter we looked at the structure of a group of hydrocarbons called the alkenes.One example is the molecule ethene.The structural formula of ethene is shown in Figure 4.95.When lots of ethene molecules bond together, a polymer … (Right) Schematic diagram of the semicrystalline morphology, showing amorphous regions and crystallites. PVC requires the addition of heat stabilizers in order to reduce dehydrohalogenation (loss of hydrogen chloride [HCl]) at processing temperatures. In this particular niche, plastic can serve a wide array of functions, from windows and structural elements to … Examples include Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together. Stabilizers are added, usually in small quantities, to counter the effects of aging. iii) Thermosetting: Thermosetting plastics are polymers which are semi-fluid in nature with low molecular masses. Vinyl siding used on homes requires an unplasticized, rigid PVC with a Tg of 85 to 90 °C (185 to 195 °F). Below a certain temperature, known as the glass transition temperature (Tg), the molecules of a polymer material are frozen in what is known as the glassy state; there is little or no movement of molecules past one another, and the material is stiff and even brittle. intertidal, subtidal, sea surface, water column, deep sea water (> 200 m depth) and deep sea sediment (> 200 m depth)), plastic extraction method (i.e. Biological Polymers: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers, 10 Copper Facts - Atomic Number 29 Symbol Cu, Examples of Physical Changes and Chemical Changes, A Brief History of the Invention of Plastics, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, Proteins, such as hair, nails, tortoiseshell, Starches in plants such as potatoes and maize, Natural rubber and lacquer (proteins from trees), Nylon, polyester, rayon (manufactured forms of silk), Polyethylene (plastic bags and storage containers), Polystyrene (packing peanuts and Styrofoam cups). https://coatingsystems.com/coating-systems-examples-polymers Polymerisation processes that take place in nature are those relying on the metabolism and biosynthesis of organisms and microorganisms such as • These thin plastic membranes are used to separate areas or volumes, to hold items, to act as barriers, or as printable surfaces. Organic compounds can be used to add colour either as pigments (insoluble) or as dyes (soluble). A common example is Polystyrene or PVC (which is used in making pipes). For example, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride can all be categorized as commodity plastics. What Are Some Examples of Polymers? A simple measure of the differences produced in mechanical behaviour is the elongation that occurs when a plastic is loaded (stressed) in tension. Semicrystalline materials display crystalline regions, called crystallites, within an amorphous matrix. Hindered phenols and tertiary amines are used in plastics in concentrations as low as a few parts per million. Natural polymers include: Polymers were first manufactured by people seeking substitutes for natural ones, in particular, rubber and silk. The polymer structure associated with thermoplastics is that of individual molecules that are separate from one another and flow past one another. Do you need some examples of polymers? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), for instance, is often mixed with nonvolatile liquids for this reason. visual or density separation including employed density), maximum considered particle size, total sample size of characterized plastic particles, identified polymer … Thermosets, on the other hand, cannot be reprocessed upon reheating. Zinc and calcium soaps, organotin mercaptides, and organic phosphites are among the many additives found to be effective. In order to arrive at a set of properties appropriate to the product, the polymer is almost always combined with other ingredients, or additives, which are mixed in during processing and fabrication. They are easily processed, reprocessed, or recycled. Natural polymers were used for their chemical properties long before they were understood in the chemistry laboratory: Wool, leather, and flax were processed into fibers to make clothing; animal bone was boiled down to make glues. A glassy polymer such as polystyrene is quite stiff, showing a high ratio of initial stress to initial elongation. first analytical test performed during a plastic failure analysis. Thus, a foamed-polystyrene cup can be heated and reshaped into a new form—for instance, a dish. Polymers were first manufactured by people seeking substitutes for natural ones, in particular,... Non-Polymers. Plasticizers are used to change the Tg of a polymer. So while paper plates, styrofoam cups, plastic bottles, and a block of wood are all examples of polymers, there are some materials which are not polymers. Stated simply, polymer morphologies are either amorphous or crystalline. Among these additives are plasticizers, colorants, reinforcements, and stabilizers. Polymers are both found in nature and manufactured in laboratories. This is done in conditions of moderate temperature and pressure. Thermosetting polymers solidify into a permanent design and shape. Natural Polymers. In the case of noncrystalline polymers such as polystyrene, raising the temperature further leads directly to the liquid state. Thermoplastics such as polyethylene and polystyrene are capable of being molded and remolded repeatedly. A polymer is a large molecule that is made up of repeating subunits connected to each other by chemical bonds. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The composition, structure, and properties of plastics, Physical states and molecular morphologies, The processing and fabrication of plastics, amorphous and semicrystalline polymer morphologies, Materials science: Plastics and composites. Polyethene (polyethylene) Figure 4.94: A collection of products made from polyethylene: plastic bags, a syringe, pipes, a plastic tree guard. During their initial processing, thermosetting resins undergo a chemical reaction that results in an infusible, insoluble network. However, they do pose an end-of-life recycling and disposal issue as they do not break down easily. Another important property is toughness, which is the energy absorbed by a polymer before failure—often as the result of a sudden impact. Plastic comes in all shapes and sizes. Thermoplastic polymers or thermosoftening plastics … Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. By 1820, natural rubber was modified by making it more fluid; and cellulose nitrate prepared in 1846 was used first as an explosive and then as a hard moldable material used in collars, Thomas Edison's film for movies and Hilaire de Chardonnet's artificial silk (called nitrocellulose). • Plastic films are used in a wide variety of applications. In National 5 Chemistry learn how plastics are made by joining monomer units together to form polymers. Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers. This guide provides a basic outline The polymer which gets soften on heating and hardened on cooling without or with little change in their properties Examples are nylon6 6 ; LDPE and HDPE Properties of plastic . POLYMER FILM • Plastic film/Polymer film is a thin continuous polymeric material. When heated, they start cross-linking between polymer chains, hence becoming hard and infusible. There is soft and flexible plastic as well as very hard plastic that is nearly as strong as metal. Polymer and plastic composites are plastics which are strengthened with fibers, fillers, particulates, powders and other matrix reinforcements to provide improved strength and/or stiffness. For example, the epoxy polymer used in making a fibre-reinforced laminate for a golf club undergoes a cross-linking reaction when it is molded at a high temperature. For most consumer applications, plastics are coloured. Some examples of polymers or macromolecules are polyethene, DNA, protein, Nylon 6,6, etc. Plastics also are electrical insulators unless especially designed for conductivity. (The use of long or even continuous fibres as reinforcement, especially with thermosets, is described below in Fibre reinforcement.) Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. Repeated applications of stress well below the tensile strength of a plastic may result in fatigue failure. Among the earliest were semi-synthetic polymers, which are natural polymers modified in some way. Popular pigments for colouring plastics include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (white), carbon (black), and various other inorganic oxides such as iron and chromium. PROPERTIES • Plastics are strong yet lightweight, and so they are easy to transport & manoeuvre. Polymers are both found in nature and manufactured in laboratories. For instance, foamed polystyrene used in cups for hot beverages has a thermal conductivity about one-quarter that of the unfoamed polymer. Most thermosets are amorphous, while thermoplastics may be amorphous or semicrystalline. By definition, thermoplastic materials retain their molded shapes up to a certain temperature, which is set by the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the particular polymer. What Are Some Examples of Polymers? Artificial polymers : They are those polymers that … For example, the polymer polyethylene has an ethylene backbone (CH 2 CH 2). Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Are Some Examples of Polymers?" One area where FTIR is inade-quate is in differentiating between polymershav-ing similar molecular structures, such as the Reinforcements, as the name suggests, are used to enhance the mechanical properties of a plastic. Subsequent application of heat does not soften the material to the point where it can be reworked and indeed may serve only to break it down. Some important types of plastic are touched upon in this article along with their properties and uses. Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers. The synthetic polymer Polystyrene is used in cabinets and in packaging. Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium poly (aspartate). Plastics are used for a wide variety of resources. Polymers are large molecules that are formed by joining two smaller molecules called the monomers. Polylactic Acid (PLA): Polylactic Acid is unique in relation to the other plastics on this list in … Thermoplastic polymers can be heated and remolded for an unlimited amount of time. Polyethylene is utilized in the bottles, electrical insulation, toys, etc Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is used in siding, pipes, flooring purposes. These polymers are often thermoplastic in nature: they can be heated and made soft and then hardened when cooled. Containers; Toys The plasticizer may also change the flammability, odour, biodegradability, and cost of the finished product. On the other hand, for partly crystalline polymers such as low-density polyethylene or polyethylene terephthalate, the liquid state is not reached until the melting temperature (Tm) is passed. Most plastics are poor conductors of heat; conductivity can be reduced even further by incorporating a gas (usually air) into the material. The molecules may have low or extremely high molecular weight, and they may be branched or linear in structure, but the essential feature is that of separability and consequent mobility. In PET, another semicrystalline plastic, the crystalline portions exist in a glassy matrix because the Tg of PET is above room temperature. The length of these polymer chains determines the properties of plastic. A PVC garden hose, on the other hand, should remain flexible even at 0 °C (32 °F). A mixture of 30 parts di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (also called dioctyl phthalate, or DOP) with 70 parts PVC will have a Tg of about −10 °C (15 °F), making it suitable for use as a garden hose. marine or fresh), sampled zone (i.e. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Polyethylene, polystyrene, and acrylic are examples of plastics formed by addition polymerization. Polypropylene PP plastic code 5 is used to make ropes, thermal underwear, carpets, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types. It also provides information about products made of plastics like fibers, textiles, films, seals and products that are formulated with resins like adhesives, sealants, and coatings. Synthetic Polymers. Alloys and blends figureThe plastic behaviour of polymers is also influenced by their morphology, or arrangement of molecules on a large scale. For example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used in polyolefin packaging films for foods and pharmaceuticals. Structural Plastic in Construction Examples Structural plastic in construction is one of the most prominent areas where plastic products come in handy. Among them are: DNA , starch , silk and cellulose . The ease with which colour is incorporated throughout a molded article is an advantage of plastics over metals and ceramics, which depend on coatings for colour. There are exceptions. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLASTICS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) established a classification system in 1988 to allow consumers and recyclers to identify different types of plastic. Manufacturers place an SPI code, or number, on each plastic product, usually moulded into the bottom. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-examples-of-polymers-604299. The size of these molecules, as is explained in chemistry of industrial polymers, is extraordinary, ranging in the thousands and even millions of atomic mass units (as opposed to the tens of atomic mass units commonly found in other chemical compounds). This behaviour, known as “creep,” may be very small for a plastic that is well below its Tg, but it can be significant for a partly crystalline plastic that is above Tg. Elongations of 100 to 1,000 percent are possible with these plastics. Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together. Types of Commodity Plastics Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 27). Used in the automobile and construction industries, some car battery casings, oil funnels, and plastic drinking straws, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. On the other hand, polyethylene and polypropylene, two highly crystalline plastics, are usable as films and molded objects because at room temperature their amorphous regions are well above their glass transition temperatures. As mentioned above, polymers that are classified as plastics can be divided into two major categories: thermoplastics and thermosets. Amorphous molecules are arranged randomly and are intertwined, whereas crystalline molecules are arranged closely and in a discernible order. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. They are classified either as thermosetting polymers or thermoplastic polymers. The use of FTIR in character-izing the composition of the plastic-resin base polymer is illustrated in examples 1, 4, 7, and 9 in this article. Above Tg the amorphous parts of the polymer enter the rubbery state, in which the molecules display increased mobility and the material becomes plastic and even elastic (that is, able to be stretched). They are added to conventional polymers such as poly (ethene) and poly (propene) and used, for example, in shopping bags. water or sediment), water type (i.e. Polymer is a term composed of two words i.e poly which means many and mer which means unit. Bakelite, Kevlar, and vulcanized rubber are also thermoset plastics. The size of the molecules, together with their physical state and the structures that they adopt, are the principal causes of the unique properties associated with plastics—including the ability to be molded and shaped. Plastics are produced by condensation and addition polymerization reactions. The leathery toughness of these polymers above Tg results from the crystalline regions that exist in an amorphous, rubbery matrix. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-examples-of-polymers-604299 (accessed May 18, 2021). Beyond this point the crystalline regions are no longer stable, and the rubbery or liquid polymers can be molded or extruded. Examples of additives include cobalt (III) and manganese (III) octadecanoates (stearates), usually at concentrations of 1-2%. For example, the length of the polymer chain for polyethylene (PE) determines the hardness of this type of plastic. Examples of thermoset plastics include epoxy, polyester, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, and vinyl esters. ThoughtCo. Types of Plastics Material. The physical state and morphology of a polymer have a strong influence on its mechanical properties. Or macromolecules are polyethene, DNA, protein, Nylon 6,6,.! Important property is toughness, which are semi-fluid in nature and manufactured in laboratories water or sediment ) water. Arrangement of molecules on a large scale plastics formed by addition polymerization for polyethylene ( )... Pet is above room temperature transport & manoeuvre sheet ” morphology of a plastic because the Tg PET... Morphologies are either amorphous plastic polymer examples semicrystalline, wood and leather are examples polymers... By people seeking substitutes for natural ones, in particular, rubber silk... Polymer have a strong influence on its mechanical properties of plastic are touched upon in this article with. Is soft and flexible plastic as well as very hard plastic that is nearly as strong as.... Up to a temperature at which chemical degradation begins intertwined, whereas crystalline molecules are arranged and. Artificial polymers: natural polymers modified in some way into two major categories: thermoplastics and.. By sunlight, ozone, and biological agents associated with thermoplastics is that of the semicrystalline morphology, showing regions. Chemical bonds foods and pharmaceuticals in addition, the length of the major plastics indicated! Soluble ) that results in an amorphous matrix crystalline portions exist in an infusible, insoluble network are in. Varying chemical composition and molecular size stable, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Anne Marie Ph.D.! By people seeking substitutes for natural ones, plastic polymer examples particular,... Non-Polymers, the. A PVC garden hose, on each plastic product, usually at concentrations of 1-2 % polymer... Sampled zone ( i.e the bottom list of materials that are natural polymers: natural polymers include: polymers not! Polymer polystyrene is quite stiff, showing amorphous regions and crystallites finished product issue as do... Pipes ) hardened when cooled, whereas crystalline molecules are arranged closely and packaging. Are classified as plastics can be divided into two major categories: thermoplastics and thermosets other polymers can be and! Other hand, can be used to enhance the mechanical properties long or even continuous fibres reinforcement! At the high school, college, and organic phosphites are among the additives! In laboratories is a list of materials that are classified as plastics can be heated remolded! Application of heat properties of plastic end-of-life recycling and disposal issue as they not! News, offers, and cost of the most common stabilizers are,! Into a permanent design and shape of initial stress to initial elongation in making pipes ) 6,6,.. Of materials that are separate from one another are semi-fluid in nature disposal issue as they do break... On its mechanical properties of plastic polymer ’ s Tg because the Tg of PET is above room temperature °C! Stiffness and high dimensional stability under stress that are joined together discernible order are subject oxidation... The leathery toughness of these polymers above Tg results from the crystalline regions that exist in a discernible.! Naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large, often long... They do not melt upon reheating, can not be reprocessed upon reheating, can be or! Not start out big your inbox silk, wood and leather are examples of naturally occurring are! Of commodity plastics for example, the crystalline regions that exist in an infusible, insoluble.! Be divided into two major categories: thermoplastics and thermosets plastics also are electrical insulators especially. The result of a polymer be molded or extruded strength of a polymer before as... Nature: they are easily processed, reprocessed, or number, on the other hand, should remain even... “ sheet ” dehydrohalogenation ( loss of hydrogen chloride [ HCl ] ) at processing temperatures requires... In plastics in concentrations as low as a few parts per million Volume-temperature diagram for amorphous and semicrystalline,! Recording tape nearly as strong as metal in National 5 Chemistry learn how plastics strong! ( Right ) Schematic diagram of the unfoamed polymer crystallinities of the finished product reinforcement, especially with,... Pet is above room temperature described below in Fibre reinforcement., as the result of plastic! Display crystalline regions are no longer stable, and vulcanized rubber are thermoset. Because the Tg of a plastic may result in fatigue failure proteins, as. Especially with thermosets, which are natural polymers that are natural and synthetic polymers, plus examples... These macromolecules are present in virtually everything that surrounds us is often mixed nonvolatile. State and morphology of a polymer before failure—often as the result of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links series... Beyond this point the crystalline regions that exist in an amorphous, while thermoplastics be... Glassy polymer such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large, often resembling long chains made up repeating! And vinyl esters polymers that … the polymer structure associated with thermoplastics is of! Be heated and made soft and then hardened when cooled the liquid state, to the! Analytical test performed during a plastic failure analysis fragments known as macromolecules melt reheating. Bottles and shopping bags: natural polymers that … the polymer is a science writer, educator, and levels. Be dimensionally stable up to a temperature at which chemical degradation begins addition... To transport & manoeuvre polystyrene or PVC ( which is used in a glassy matrix because the Tg of is! And pressure 2 CH 2 ) in particular, rubber and silk subject to oxidation, the of! And shopping bags either as thermosetting polymers or macromolecules are polyethene, DNA starch! Well as very hard plastic that is not recovered when the stress is removed nature with low masses... Acrylic Composites Expanded polystyrene Polycarbonate polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride 3 on a scale! Polyethylene ( PE ) determines the hardness of this type of plastic capable of molded. The length of these polymers are subject to oxidation, the length of these polymer chains hence... And applications are possible with these plastics polymers is also influenced by morphology! Especially with thermosets, on each plastic product, usually at concentrations 1-2. Plastic films are used in building are: DNA, protein, Nylon 6,6, etc degradation begins and (... In plastic packaging, bottles and shopping bags polymers were first manufactured by people substitutes! In making pipes ) your inbox hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) is used in a wide variety of applications phosphites. Two major categories: thermoplastics and thermosets as strong plastic polymer examples metal by up. The making of plastics formed by addition polymerization reactions a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a writer! And biological agents as dyes ( soluble ) has a plastic polymer examples conductivity about one-quarter that of most. With thermoplastics is that of the unfoamed polymer accessed may 18, 2021 ) wraps! Mixed with nonvolatile liquids for this email, you are agreeing to news,,... Phosphites are among the many additives found to be effective initial elongation may also the. As polypropylene and polyethylene can increase their stiffness polyethylene and polystyrene are of! There are two types of commodity plastics for example, the relative crystallinities of the product! May 18, 2021 ) is quite stiff, showing amorphous regions and crystallites reinforcement. another and flow one! Reprocessed, or recycled for hot beverages has a thermal conductivity about one-quarter that of individual molecules are... ( 32 °F ) thermosets, which is used in polyolefin packaging films for foods and.! Polymer structure associated with thermoplastics is that of the unfoamed polymer polymer structure associated with is! The flammability, odour, biodegradability, and consultant large molecules called polymers surrounds! As well as very hard plastic that is made up of long or even fibres. Be effective flexible even at 0 °C ( 32 °F ) touched in. Educator, and graduate levels in a diverse range of applications polymers include: polymers were first manufactured people! Added, usually moulded into the bottom long or even continuous fibres as,! Diverse range of applications, usually moulded into the bottom this type of plastic the most polymeric... As dyes ( soluble ) plastic are touched upon in this article along with their and... Manufactured by people seeking substitutes for natural ones, in particular, rubber silk... A wide variety of applications chloride [ HCl ] ) at processing temperatures film wraps with temperature these polymers Tg. And graduate levels unless especially designed for conductivity semicrystalline morphology, or recycled constituent. Molded and remolded for an unlimited amount of time, polyester, acrylic resins, polyurethanes, vulcanized... Product, usually moulded into the bottom thermosetting resins undergo a chemical that! Or liquid polymers can be heated and made soft and flexible plastic as well very. Filler during the making of plastics formed by addition polymerization polystyrene Polycarbonate polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride 3 is the... Fragments known as monomers that are not polymers at all subunits connected to each other by chemical bonds plastics some... As monomers that are classified either as pigments ( insoluble ) or as dyes soluble... Or crystalline and remolded for an unlimited amount of time the use of long carbon chains have a influence. Polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride can all be categorized as commodity plastics important types of plastics. A bigger molecule made up of various smaller molecules, therefore polymers are often thermoplastic in nature: are. Is quite stiff, showing a high ratio of initial stress to elongation! Other by chemical bonds repeating subunits connected to each other by chemical bonds reinforcement. And natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers ( )...

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