2002 denali earthquake

The 2002 Denali Fault earthquake (Mw = 7.9) is the largest strike-slip earthquake in North America in more than 150 years. The epicenter of the November 3 earthquake was approximately 42 miles (68 km) east of the highway. A free-field recording of the Denali fault earthquake was obtained by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 3 km from the surface rupture of the Denali fault. The onslaught of the data has created processing delays. On November 3, 2002, the Denali Fault ruptured over a distance of 336 km, producing the largest earthquake from a continental strike-slip fault in North America since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Although comparable in size and type to the quake that devastated San Francisco in 1906, the Denali Fault earthquake caused no deaths and little damage to structures because it struck a sparsely populated region of south-central Alaska. deformation following the 2002, M7.9 Denali, Alaska earthquake to directly infer the viscous strength of the upper mantle, finding a rheology consistent with a labo-ratory-derived, stress-dependent,power-lawfor hot, wet olivine. When the Denali Fault earthquake struck a few days later, these stations helped to provide crucial data. Following the Denali Fault earthquake, adjacent fault segments have been stressed, increasing the likelihood of additional earthquakes on those segments. Letting v* in eq. In the distance, the rugged peaks of Mts. There were reports of triggered seismicity in volcanic and geothermal centers in Washington and California and regional seismicity in Utah. The view is eastward along the main strand of the Denali fault, which is marked here by a prominent linear valley along the southern edge of the Alaska Range. The 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake triggered thousands of landslides, primarily rock falls and rock slides, that ranged in volume from rock falls of a few cubic meters to rock avalanches having volumes as great as 15×10 6 m 3.The pattern of landsliding was unusual; the number of slides was less than expected for an earthquake of this magnitude, and the … The November 2002 earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 and caused a surface rupture 325 km (~200 miles) long, mostly on the central Denali Fault (see red line on map below). Oil and Water System Performance – Denali M 7.9 Earthquake of November 3, 2002 By John Eidinger1 and Mark Yashinsky2 1.0 Introduction The November 3, 2002, magnitude 7.9 Denali, Alaska earthquake struck through rural Alaska. Violent, prolonged shaking from the quake triggered thousands of landslides, especially on the steep slopes of the Alaska Range. Its length and slip magnitudes are comparable with those of the great California earthquakes of 1906 and 1857 and last year's Kokoxili earthquake along the Kunlun fault, Tibet. Then the rupture transferred onto the main strand of the DFS and continued as a right-lateral strike-slip event for ~220 km until it reached the Totschunda fault near 143W longitude. 2156 Koyukuk Drive, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775. Called the Denali Fault earthquake, this shock was the strongest ever recorded in the interior of Alaska. The AEIC located over 1,000 aftershocks of the M 6.7 event prior to the M 7.9 mainshock and over 35,000 aftershocks through the end of 2004. One facility that was badly damaged by the earthquake was the runway at Northway Airport, 40 miles from the eastern part of the November 3, 2002, fault rupture. The Parks Highway, which connects Anchorage and Fairbanks, lies immediately east of the river north of the fault, but diverges from the river to the south. (SHOW WORK) See answers (1) Ask for details ; Follow Report You have no question. Additional delays have been caused by the necessity of reviewing the earthquake locations a second time when the data from the temporary Denali network were brought back from the field and merged with the bulk of AEIC data. Using 19 months of data from 15 stations, Pollitz [2005] finds that postseismic deformation is dominated by transient This Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferogram includes the epicenters of the October 23, 2002, and November 3, 2002 Denali Fault earthquakes, which are located at the extreme western end of the fault rupture. The Denali Fault event was felt as far as Washington and caused seiches in pools and lakes as far as Texas and Louisiana. After the Nenana Mountain earthquake, AEIC installed several temporary seismographs, including some ANSS instruments. Seiches were seen as far away as Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana. While on average for October-December data mc is 1.4, it is as low as 1.1 at the western end of the rupture and as high as 2.2 at the eastern end. This event caused significant damage to the transportation systems in central Alaska. The M 7.9 Denali Fault event was preceded by the magnitude 6.7 Nenana Mountain event on October 23, 2002. Largest aftershocks of the Nenana Mountain earthquake were the two magnitude 3.8 events. EERI Yellowstone National Park had the most energetic swarm of triggered earthquakes. The Denali Fault quake is similar to three earthquakes that ruptured the San Andreas Fault in the past few centuries. Rupture in South-Central Alaska—The Denali Fault Earthquake of 2002 A powerful magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck Alaska on November 3, 2002, rupturing the Earth's surface for 209 miles along the Susitna Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda Faults. It started on the previously unrecognized Susitna Glacier Thrust fault, a splay fault south of the McKinley strand of the Denali fault system (DFS). The largest aftershock (M 5.8) occurred 20 minutes after the main shock and was located 95 km east of the mainshock's epicenter (~10 km east of the Richardson highway crossing). This powerful shock may have been triggered by a magnitude 6.7 temblor, the Nenana Mountain earthquake, that occurred nearby on the same fault 10 days earlier. Of the population centers, the hardest hit were the villages of Mentasta and Northway, located at the eastern end of the rupture zone. These waves generate a secondary This M w =7.9 event is the largest strike–slip earthquake in North America in almost 150 years. In response to the magnitude 6.7 and 7.9 events, the Alaska Earthquake Information Center (AEIC) staff installed a network of temporary instruments for the aftershock monitoring. While the fault rupture lasted for approximately 100 sec from its initiation to the arrest, its distal effects were felt for many days. [5] About 20 houseboats were damaged by a seiche on a lake in Washington State.[5]. (Photo and interpretation by Wesley K. Wallace, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks). Many geologists who study evidence of ancient earthquakes in deposits and landforms along the southernmost San Andreas Fault, where the 1685 earthquake occurred, have concluded that a major quake on this segment of the fault is likely to happen again in the near future. The 434 mile slip-strike fault gave off a 7.9 magnitude earthquake. At that point, it right-stepped onto the more south-easterly trending Totschunda fault and stopped after rupturing nearly 70 km of it. The Nenana Mountain and Denali Fault earthquakes generated a vigorous aftershock sequence. EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2003 Learning from Earthquakes Preliminary Observations on the November 3, 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake This report is based on data collect- ed after the earthquake by a num-ber of teams and individuals, and compiled by John Aho of CH2M Hill in Anchorage, Alaska. The Denali fault earthquake that struck central Alaska area on November 3, 2002 ranks among the largest strike-slip ruptures of the past two centuries. 2). Fortunately, no one was seriously injured, due to the small population located within 30 miles either side of the fault. They also located major landslides caused by the quake. This presents a rare opportunity to catch a major earthquake in the act. Should such a quake occur today, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and other populations centers in southern California could suffer heavy damage and loss of life. But there's still a lot scientists don't know about it. The locations of the Nenana Mountain and Denali Fault earthquakes and their aftershocks were determined by the Alaska Earthquake Information Center (AEIC) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Multiple land slides and rock avalanches occurred in the Alaska Range with the largest slide on the Black Rapids Glacier. RADARSAT-1 images used are from October 16 and November 9, 2002, and cover 100 kilometers by 200 kilometers. Total length of the rupture was at least 300 km (190 miles). The 2002 Denali earthquake in Alaska had a Richter scale magnitude of 6.7. Like the Denali Fault quake, the Nenana Mountain shock caused only limited damage because of its remote location. The 2002 Denali earthquake triggered at least 1580 landslides in an area of 7150 km 2, and up to ∼380 km away from the epicenter. the 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake Eric M. Dunham and Ralph J. Archuleta To appear in BSSA Abstract Elastodynamic considerations suggest that the acceleration of ruptures to supershear velocities is accompanied by the release of Rayleigh waves along the fault from the stress breakdown zone. Although slightly damaged by movement on the fault and by intense shaking, the pipeline did not break in the quake, averting a major economic and environmental disaster. This quake lasted over three minutes! Deborah and Hess rise to about 12,000 feet (3650 m) just north of the epicenters and the bend in the Denali fault. We use a spectral-element method implemented on the Earth Simulator in Japan to simulate broadband seismic waves generated by the 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake. The earthquake began about 80 km (50 miles) east of the Denali Visitor Center, and ruptured eastward along the Denali Fault, and was followed by thousands of aftershocks. October 2002 Nenana Mountain earthquake and the 3 November 2002 Denali earthquake by satellite radar imagery. An intense earthquake struck central Alaska about 90 miles south of Fairbanks at 1:12 p.m. local time on November 3, 2002. In the left foreground, the Nenana River marks the eastern boundary of Denali National Park. Denali National Park is located very close to the Denali fault. This November 2002 earthquake was one of the largest ever recorded on U.S. soil, and occurred on the Denali-Totschunda fault system, which is one of the longest strike-slip fault systems in the world and rivals in length California’s famed San Andreas strike-slip fault system that spawned the destructive M 7.8 San Francisco earthquake in 1906. The 1857 California and 2002 Alaska earthquakes struck far from major cities, causing little or no loss of life. A team of geologists surveyed the total length of the ruptured faults and reported maximum vertical offsets on the Susitna Glacier Thrust of 4 m and maximum horizontal offsets of 8.8 m west of the Denali and Totschunda fault junction. Shortly after midday on November 3, 2002, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Denali Fault in the rugged Alaska Range, about 90 miles south of Fairbanks. AEIC receives data from more than 370 seismic stations, integrating all seismic networks in Alaska. The magnitude of completeness mc of the aftershock catalog varies along the rupture zone. Fletcher (2002) and Matmon et al. On November 3, 2002 a devastating earthquake rattled Alaska. The majority of landslides clustered in a narrow band extending about 8 to 12 miles on either side of the rupture. By studying earthquakes like the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake, scientists and engineers gain the knowledge necessary to reduce the vulnerability of buildings and other structures to damage in these inevitable and terrifying events. The largest inland earthquake in North America in almost 150 years struck Alaska on November 3, 2002. Introduction [2] On 3 November 2002, an M W 7.9 earthquake occurred on the Denali fault, central Alaska. estimated a slip rate of 0.008–0.012 m yr −1 for the Denali Fault, so we assume v 0 = 0.01 m yr −1 for depths greater than 18 km and v 0 = 10 −4 m yr −1 (effectively, locked) for depths less than 18 km. An earthquake can be used as a large rock defor-mation experiment in which sudden stress changes The earthquake lasted about 100 seconds. It started on the previously unrecognized Susitna Glacier Thrust fault, a splay fault south of the McKinley strand of the Denali fault system (DFS). A few of these stations are part of the new Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) being deployed by the USGS and cooperators. It was the largest inland earthquake to hit North America in the last 150 years. A magnitude 4.4 foreshock preceded the Denali Fault mainshock by 3.5 hours. USGS studies of the Denali Fault earthquake are part of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program's ongoing efforts to safeguard lives and property from the future quakes that are certain to strike in Alaska, California, and elsewhere in the United States. What is the question?! Evidence of the 1685 earthquake was only discovered in the past 20 years. The pattern of landsliding may help to better estimate levels of shaking along the length of the fault, especially because of the sparsity of seismic instruments in this rugged mountainous region. Like some other large earthquakes, the Denali Fault quake triggered small shocks as far as 2,000 miles away, mainly in volcanic areas. They identified the previously unknown Susitna Glacier Fault in the area where the quake began and showed that the rest of the rupture exactly followed an older rupture that geologists had documented in the 1970's. Compiled By Gary S. Fuis and Lisa A. Wald, Edited by James W. Hendley II and Peter H. Stauffer Graphic design by Susan Mayfield, Sara Boore, Eleanor Omdahl, and J. Luke Blair; Web layout by Carolyn Donlin, COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Alaska Earthquake Information Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Volcano Observatory Alyeska Pipeline Service Company California Institute of Technology Central Washington University Humboldt State University University of California Berkeley West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, For more information contact: Earthquake Information Hotline (650) 329-4085 U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 977 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Visit the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program website to learn more, PDF version of this fact sheet (2.2 MB) REDUCING EARTHQUAKE LOSSES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, For questions about the content of this report, contact Gary Fuis, Download the current version of Acrobat Reader for free, | Help | PDF help | Geopubs main page | Fact Sheets |, | Department of the Interior | Privacy Statement | Disclaimer | Accessibility | URL of this page: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014-03/ Maintained by: Michael Diggles Created: February 5, 2003 Last modified: May 17, 2005 (mfd), the pipeline did not break in the quake, the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake occurred on a "strike-slip" fault, Denali Fault quake is similar to three earthquakes that ruptured the San Andreas Fault in the past few centuries, USGS Earthquake Hazards Program website. 1). The Denali Fault earthquake ruptured the Earth's surface for 209 miles, crossing beneath the vital Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline, which carries 17% of the U.S. domestic oil supply. It ruptured three different faults ending with a total rupture length of ~330 km. The magnitude 7.9 earthquake that struck centralAlaska on 3 November 2002 was one of the largest earthquakes to break continental crust in the instrumental period, and the largest strike-slip earthquake in North America in more than 150 years. The survival of the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline in the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake demonstrates the value of combining careful geologic studies of earthquake hazards and creative engineering in designing and protecting such important structures and lifelines. This event was followed by numerous aftershocks that defined a 45km-long zone along the Denali fault. 1. The runway was rendered unusable by lateral spreading, accompanied by sand boils. sorry I forgot to ask the question Additional instruments were deployed after the Denali Fault quake, and as of December 2002, a total of 26 temporary seismic stations were gathering data on the quake's aftershocks. This was the footage that was seen all-over the world! In 2002, the Denali Fault in central Alaska ruptured catastrophically, unleashing a magnitude-7.9 earthquake. The estimated magnitude of this earthquake ranges from the body wave magnitude mb of 7.0 to the moment magnitude MW of 7.9 to the surface wave magnitude MS of 8.5. The earthquake was preceded by an M W 6.7 right‐lateral strike‐slip earthquake on 23 October, with its epicenter only 22 km west of the M W 7.9 epicenter [Eberhart‐Phillips et al., 2003].These earthquakes are the largest earthquakes to occur on the Denali … After correction for the measured instrument response, we recover … Areas that experienced liquefaction during the earthquake include much of the Tanana River Valley north and east of the rupture and other locations near smaller rivers. Following the Denali Fault earthquake, Lake Union in Seattle experienced an earthquake-induced seiche, or water sloshing, which knocked many houseboats off their moorings and caused minor damage. Instrumental recordings of ground motion near earthquakes like the Denali Fault quake are critical for improving engineering design, but such quakes do not occur often. These include the magnitude 7.8 San Francisco earthquake in 1906, the magnitude 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake in 1857 north of Los Angeles, and a quake that struck east of what is now Los Angeles in about 1685. The largest inland earthquake in North America in almost 150 years struck Alaska on November 3, 2002. Measuring 7.9 in magnitude, the earthquake caused ground to shift beneath the pipeline 14 feet horizontally and 2.5 feet vertically. However, full ANSS instrumentation on either end of the 2002 rupture is critical if this goal is to be achieved. The earthquake ruptured about 300 km of the Denali fault system (Fig. On Nov. 3, 2002, the Great Alaskan tremor struck. However, the 1906 earthquake near San Francisco killed at least 700 people (the actual death toll was probably 3 to 4 times greater). Because the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake occurred on a "strike-slip" fault, like the San Andreas Fault, it offers a realistic example of effects likely to accompany the next major earthquake in California. The 2003 Rat Islands earthquake in Alaska had a Richter scale magnitude of 7.8. The Mw 7.9 Denali Fault (DF) earthquake in 2002 was the largest continental strike-slip earthquake in North America since the 1857 Fort Tejon, California event and provides a new opportunity to study postseismic deformation using InSAR (Fig. [[{"type":"media","view_mode":"media_large","fid":"155","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","height":"369","typeof":"foaf:Image","width":"480"}}]], white line - mapped rupture | red lines - fault traces | dashed black line - Trans-Alaska Pipeline | black lines - roads | blue lines - major rivers, This high-altitude view shows the approximate locations of the earthquake epicenters. The magnitude 7.9 Denali fault earthquake of November 3, 2002 resulted from right-lateral offset along portions of the Denali and Totschunda fault systems in Alaska. Displacement Mapped with Radarsat-1 Interferograms The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique was used to map the co-seismic displacements that resulted from the 23 October and 3 November earthquakes, lowing the 2002 Denali earthquake provides a data set from which to draw some robust conclusions regarding the contribution of the various candidate mechanisms and develop a mechanical model of the Alaskan lithosphere. It was officially called the Denali Earthquake because its epicentre was 66 km east-southeast of Denali National Park, Ala., the 49th state in the U.S. The instrument, part of the monitoring and control system for the trans-Alaska pipeline, was located at Pump Station 10, approximately 85 km east of the epicenter. 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