what happened after the great kanto earthquake

The M7.3 earthquake of 1 September in eastern region of Yamanashi Prefecture has been considered to be one of biggest aftershocks of the 1923 Kanto earthquake (Takemura, 2003). The date was Sept. 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, the worst calamity in Japan’s history. “1923 Tokyo as a Devastated War and Occupation Zone: The Catastrophe One Confronted in Post Earthquake Japan.” Japanese Studies 29:1 (May 2009): 111-129. Police regarded the labor union as a "nest of socialists" and were likely unsettled by the well-organized food relief program. In the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which devastated the Tokyo area, the total property damage was around 30 percent of GDP. As part of the recovery efforts after the earthquake, three new large parks were established—Hamachō Park, Sumida Park, and Kinshi Park—along with a … No chance..."[28], As the massacre passed out of living memory in the 1990s, it became hidden history to younger generations of Zainichi Koreans. General Yamanashi Hanzō, the individual appointed to direct Japan’s Martial Law Headquarters on 20 September 1923, was no stranger to demanding administrative or military tasks. Before order had been completely restored, however, the immediate tasks of providing relief became a necessity. The Great Kanto Earthquake was one of the deadliest earthquakes in Japanese history that killed an estimated 142,800 people. The event caused great damage to Tokyo and the Kanto region. The new warning comes less than a year after a magnitude 9 earthquake off the country's northeast coast triggered a tsunami that left about 20,000 dead or missing. The value of relief supplies donated by the US military was approximately $USD 9 million (7 million in supplies from the US Army and 2 million from the US Navy). These were the economic, political, and cultural centers of Japan. It was translated into Esperanto as Danco de skeletoj in 1927. [1][2][3][4] The massacre was denied by Japanese authorities almost immediately after it occurred, while it was celebrated by certain elements in the public. The Great Kanto Earthquake turned 93 on 1st September 2016. [5]:97 Towards the end of his life, Nishizaka told an interviewer that "someone must have said that 'Korean malcontents' were dangerous in such a time of confusion. General Yamanashi later concluded that it took ten days for stability, peace, calm mindedness and public order to return. Stunned survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and firestorm looked for an explanation or a scapegoat, and the target of their fury was the ethnic Koreans living in their midst. [24] Beginning 2017, Tokyo mayor Yuriko Koike broke decades of precedent by refusing to acknowledge the massacre or offer condolences to the descendants of survivors, saying that whether a massacre occurred is a matter of historical debate. While nearly 800,000 people evacuated Tokyo or Yokohama temporarily after the 1 September disaster, many others flocked to parks or other open spaces in the capital. Refugees Fleeing the Fire, 1923. … In Kanagawa Prefecture, home to the city of Yokohama, 781,000 of the prefecture’s total population found themselves homeless after 1 September. Send more troops.”, “the extent of damage here [in Yokohama] is worse than that of Tokyo. On September 1, 1923, a great Tokyo earthquake struck the South Kanto area (including Yokohama). The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. Vigilantes armed themselves with bamboo spears, clubs, Japanese swords, and guns. Providing medical assistance during the first few days following the disaster proved problematic as many hospitals, medical dispensaries, and clinics had been destroyed. Michael Weiner. [12][13]:167–8[14] Between 50 to 90 percent of the Korean population of Yokohama was killed. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami are still very sharp on everyone’s memories. "[5]:116 In 1996, historian J. Michael Allen remarked that the massacre is "hardly known outside Korea. Some orders were conditional, such as killing Koreans who resist arrest, but others were more direct: "kill any Koreans who enter the neighborhood" or "kill any Koreans you find. One of the most devastating was the magnitude 7.9 Great Kanto earthquake that occurred on September 1, 1923. This article is more than 9 years old. Laying out their plans in a memorandum, they agreed to minimize the number of dead, blame the rumors of Korean violence on the labor organizer Yamaguchi Seiken, and frameup innocent Koreans and accuse them of actually rioting. What follows is the continuation of the contempory coverage of the disaster from a Yokohama-based English-language newspaper. Fukazawa emphasizes that the narrator is driven to discover this history out of anxiety rather than having any preexisting historical understanding.[28]. eulogy for 2nd year, raising denial worries", https://www.asahi.com/senkyo/tochijisen/2020/kaihyo/, "関東大震災と朝鮮人虐殺「なかった」ことにしたい集会、誰が参加するのか？（石戸諭） – Yahoo!ニュース", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kantō_Massacre&oldid=1020231760, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 23:42. [7]:76 Two Koreans who personally escaped Tokyo and rushed to Seoul to report the news were arrested for "spreading false information" and the news report about them was completely censored. [26] In September 2020 a Japanese group held a rally in Sumida, Tokyo calling for a memorial to the massacre to be demolished, saying that the massacre never happened and the memorial constituted "hate speech against our ancestors. [19][5]:110 In July 1924 he was sentenced to two years in prison; it is unknown if he survived his imprisonment. In Yokohama, 90 percent of all homes were damaged or destroyed while 350,000 homes met the same fate in Tokyo, leaving 60 percent of the city's population homeless. In total, both the quake and fires that followed claimed the lives of nearly 130,000 people. The Kantō Massacre was a mass murder which the Japanese military, police and vigilantes committed against the Korean residents of the Kantō region, Japan, immediately after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kantō earthquake in the film. However, the government had no intent of sentencing the participants as they would murderers. The quake struck at 11:58 a.m. on September 1, 1923. [5]:108, Kanagawa Prefectural Police chief Nishizaka Katsuto reported that on the night of September 1 he gave his district chiefs "a certain mission to deal with the emergency situation," the details of which he refused to describe. American aid following the Great Kantō Earthquake was substantial, dwarfing the contributions made by all other countries combined. The Great Kanto Earthquake, sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on September 1, 1923. Aftermath: The Ordeal of Restoration and Recovery. The last day that City of Tokyo officials distributed food to needy sufferers took place on 10 April 1924. skips 1923 Korean massacre anniv. As refugews spread into neighboring wards, counties, and even prefectures, rumors of Korean duplicity surrounding the fires that engulfed Tokyo and Yokohama emerged. [2] The massacre is also known as the Massacre of Koreans in 1923. A huge number of houses and buildings fell apart, and some 25,000 people lost their lives. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Now, almost a year after the Japan earthquake, scientists say the hard lessons learned will go a long way toward being better prepared next time. As a result of the police-initiated rumors, beginning on September 2 Japanese citizens organized themselves into vigilante bands and accosted strangers on the street. Forty-eight percent of all homes in Tokyo Prefecture (the homes of 397,119 families) were either destroyed or classified as uninhabitable as a result of the Great Kantō Earthquake and fires. Gregory Smits, Penn State University, Journal of Japanese Studies Copyright © 2013 Great Kantō Earthquake.com. September 1: Korean labor union offers food relief, September 1–2: Police spread false rumors and give permission to kill, September 2–9: Japanese lynch mobs massacre Koreans and others, September 3–16: Police and army assassinate left-wing leaders, September 18-November: Show trials and unpaid labor, a massive earthquake struck the Kantō region, "Yokohama recalls texts describing 1923 'massacre' of Koreans", "1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints", "The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923", "The Price of Identity: The 1923 Kantō Earthquake and Its Aftermath", "A play teaching the history of the Great Kanto Earthquake massacres to Japanese youth", "The Enemy Within: Earthquake, Rumors, and Massacre in the Japanese Empire", "Instability of empire: Earthquake, rumor, and the massacre of Koreans in the Japanese empire – ProQuest", "Tokyo gov. In a matter of days, the residents lived through an earthquake, more than a hundred fires, and a tsunami. In the 2015 novel Green and Red (Midori to aka 『緑と赤』), by Zainichi novelist Fukazawa Ushio [ja] (深沢潮), the Zainichi protagonist learns about the massacre by reading about it in a history book, which serves to give excess weight to her fears over anti-Korean sentiment. The year of the quake, 1923, is referred to as Year 12 of the Taisho Era, the 12th year of Emperor Taisho's reign which lasted from 1912 - 1926. When we reached the 1923 great Kanto earthquake, our eyes were fixated on one photograph. From 16 to 21 September, 2,097,170 individuals received 3 go (450 grams) of rice. Shimbashi, (Kasumori), c. 1920. Yamanashi was a seasoned soldier who had served in active combat during Japan’s previous three wars: the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, and the First World War, 1914-1918. This natural disaster is referred to today as the Great Kanto Earthquake. Chapter 2. [17], As knowledge of the lynch mobs spread through the Korean community, thousands attempted to flee the city. The bodies of the parents and child were thrown in a well. “Makeshift Schools and Education in the Ruins of Tokyo, 1923.” Japanese Studies 29:1 (May 2009): 131-143. The force of the quake was so strong that a 93-ton Buddha statue 37 miles from the epicenter moved almost two feet. "[5]:104, According to multiple reports from Japanese witnesses, beginning on the night of September 2 police officers in Yokohama, Kanagawa and Tokyo began informing residents that it was permissible to kill Koreans. City officials began constructing temporary barrack housing that would eventually accommodate nearly 150,000 people by 24 September. Given the destruction, upheaval, and chaos that ensued after the disaster, the new Yamamoto Gonnohyōe cabinet declared a state of martial law over what was left of the capital on 2 September. Director Oh Chongkong (吳充功, 오충공) made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (Kakusareta tsumeato: Tokyo aragawa dote shūhen kara Shitamachi no gyakusatsu 隠された爪跡: 東京荒川土手周辺から下町の虐殺, 1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (Harasagareta Chōsenjin: Kantō Daishinsai to Narashino shūyōjo 払い下げられた朝鮮人: 関東大震災と習志野収容所, 1986). The vigilantes were indiscriminate with regards to gender and age. These films were reportedly poorly received. Navy vessels were also used to transport rice from military warehouses in Kobe, Osaka, Kure, and Sasebo. After the 1970s such appeals to people's higher consciences faded away, and the massacre became part of a marker of indelible difference between the Japanese and Korean peoples and the Japanese people's willful ignorance of the massacre. The Trial of Military Police Captain Amakasu who Garroted Socialist Leader Osugi Sakae and Two Others after Great Tokyo Earthquake 1923. [15] Socialists such as Hirasawa Keishichi [ja] (平澤計七) and the Chinese communal leader Wang Xitian (王希天), were abducted and killed by local police and Imperial Army, who claimed the radicals intended to use the crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government.[15][16]. Some of the first reports from the disaster zone read as follows: “relief aid has not yet been able to be delivered and there is a general state of anxiety amongst the population. Be careful because Koreans are planning terrorism and robbery by arson and bombs."[8]:73. The Tokai segment last ruptured in 1854, and before that in 1707. Built into school curricula since kindergarten, many adults told me that their children were the most risk-informed of all of their family members. [5]:114 Paper plays called kamishibai were performed for children which portrayed the slaughter with vivid, bloody illustrations. [25] In July 2020, Koike was re-elected as mayor of Tokyo in a landslide victory. Both events were great earthquakes of magnitude 8.4. From the U.S. … The earthquake that hit Tohoku area on March 11 has already resulted in more deaths than the Kobe earthquake, and the property damage will also be larger. It was a picture of two bodies thrown out on the street of Tokyo. Beginning on September 18, the Japanese government arrested 735 participants in the massacre. During the following forty-eight hours, the area of martial law expanded to cover all of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, and Saitama prefectures. Koreans, Chinese, and Ryukyuans wore Japanese clothing in order to hide their identities. Nothing prepared the soldiers—or others who ventured to Tokyo to assist with recovery—for the sights or smells that greeted them or the tasks at hand. During the same period, 64 million litres of night soil had been collected from hastily built latrines and distributed to nearby farmlands. Providing clean water and food became even more of a pressing need. Sufferers in eastern Japan were in want of everything imaginable including food, water, medical assistance, shelter, clothing, and lavatories. The twenties and thirties of the twentieth century left a sad memory in Japan. As destructive and dislocating as the earthquake and aftershocks were to people of eastern Japan in 1923, a far more deadly phenomenon erupted shortly after the initial seismic upheaval: fire. By the end of December, 151 million litres of water had been transported to Tokyo and Yokohama for distribution. Out of the City of Tokyo’s 2.26 million inhabitants, 1.38 million were rendered homeless by the disaster. [21]:107 When word of the massacre did reach the Korean peninsula, Japan attempted to placate the Koreans by distributing films throughout the country showing Koreans being well treated. [11] The arrival of foreigners and other people in Tokyo meant death. Some journalists who came to Tokyo were mistaken for Koreans and killed due to differences in their pronunciations. The Great Kanto Earthquake Part 3 On September 1st., 1923, a massive earthquake struck the nation’s most populated area. After the massacre, Korean survivors painstakingly documented the extent of the massacre. The pattern is pretty stark: a Tokai earthquake has happened about every 110 years, plus or minus 33 years. American aid following the Great Kantō Earthquake was substantial, dwarfing the contributions made by all other countries combined. 8 out of 15 districts in Tokyo were destroyed. While the city burned and people evacuated, rumors began to fly like arrows. Manseibashi Station, after the earthquake, 1923. Messervey, from a letter dated March 5, 1924. Both vigilantes and Japanese Army troops burned Korean bodies in order to destroy the evidence of murder. [6]:146 Nishizaka's final report on the massacre acknowledges in a secret appendix that these rumors were all false.[5]:115[7]:92. People who wore Korean or Chinese clothes were immediately killed, along with members of minority groups such as Ryukyuans whose languages were difficult for other Japanese people and foreigners to understand. On September 1, 1923, immediately after the earthquake, Yamaguchi organized his union to provide food and water to the neighborhood, including commandeering supplies from ruined buildings. [5]:94, Yamaguchi was publicly blamed by Japanese officials for starting the rumors of Korean mobs, but this logically incoherent charge was never formalized. Conservative estimates therefore put the total amount of cash and goods donated at about $USD 20 million, which was roughly 2.4% of America’s Gross Domestic Product. Image of Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan, after the September 1, 1923 earthquake. The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. But Japan has a long history of damaging earthquakes. Tokyo's Modern Emergence, Modern Vulnerabilities, Constructing and Disseminating the Catastrophe, Panic and Confusion on the Streets of Tokyo, Land Readjustment: Rebuilding Tokyo from the Ashes Up. His previous experiences did little to prepare him for the tasks he faced in post disaster Tokyo. The Sōaikai eventually ordered 4,000 Koreans to perform unpaid labor cleaning up the city ruins for over two months. It is virtually impossible to reach any general conclusion as to why select Japanese murdered Koreans following the disaster. All Rights Reserved. Nearly 6,000 refugees established residences at the Meiji Shrine, 9,500 at Ueno Park, and 7,000 at Hibiya Park. Within 30 minutes of the first tremor more than 130 major fires broke out across Tokyo alone. In November, the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun reported that during the trials, the defendants and the judges were both smiling and laughing as they recounted the lynchings. In the hours and days following, nationalist and racist rhetoric took hold across Japan. Ri Kaisei's 1975 novel Exile and Freedom exemplifies this turning point with a central monologue: "Can you guarantee that it won't happen again right here and now? Largely forgotten, even by most Japanese, the quake leveled the great port city of Yokohama — home to a population of 5,000 expatriates — and burned down more than sixty percent of Tokyo. Writing in the Home Ministry journal Chihō gyōsei, future Minister of Commerce and Industry, Tawara Magoichi suggested that the “Korean incident” exposed a “major defect of the national spirit.” Educator Oku Hidesaburō wrote in the education journal Kyōiku, that the killing of Koreans illustrated “a moral flaw that was common among ordinary Japanese.” On the floor of Japan’s parliament—known as the Imperial Diet—MP Tabuchi Toyokichi declared that the murder of Korean was a “gross act of inhumanity” and demanded that the government “apologize to its Korean victims.” No formal apology was issued. September 1 is designated as Disaster Prevention Day – a memorial to the 140,000 estimated victims of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. “Koreans in the Aftermath of the Kantō Earthquake of 1923.” Immigrants and Minorities 2:1 (April 1983): 5-32. The quake is remembered by Japanese authors as the Great Kanto Earthquake, Kanto being the name of the region which includes Tokyo. [5]:93, Amidst the mob violence, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. “In the course of three days …. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. Some Koreans sought safety in police stations in order to escape the slaughter, but in some areas vigilantes broke into police stations and pulled them out. The Kantō Massacre was a mass murder which the Japanese military, police and vigilantes committed against the Korean residents of the Kantō region, Japan, immediately after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. There have been several plays about the massacre. "[5]:98–99 Also on the night of September 2, as police organized a vigilante band to kill Koreans in the Noge region of Yokohama, one of the organizing police officers told a newspaper reporter that Koreans had been caught with a list of neighborhoods to burn, carrying gasoline and poison for wells. Only thirty-two received formal sentences. Manseibashi Station, c. 1910. The major institutions of the city and prefecture as well as the police have ceased to operate and wild rumors and crimes have largely unsettled the population. [13]:168 The Governor-General of Korea paid out 200 yen in compensation to 832 families of massacre victims, although the Japanese government on the mainland only admitted to about 250 deaths. And detaining them in camps in Honjo, Tokyo immediately after the M7.9 main shock massive Earthquake the! Were fixated on one photograph vigilantes, who accepted Koreans among their membership, protected from. 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July 2020, Katō continues to be alternately denied and celebrated by right-wing groups today, medical assistance,,... Had died immediately after the disaster from a letter dated March 5, 1924, Journal of Studies. Socialist Leader Osugi Sakae and two Others after Great Tokyo Earthquake, eyes... It took ten days for stability, peace, calm mindedness and public order to return the end December. Pamphlet discusses the aid provided by the end of December, 151 million litres of water been! Reporting the death toll is estimated to have exceeded 140,000, plus or minus 33 years 10 April.. 735 participants in the Ruins:85, Books denying the massacre is `` hardly known Korea. The lynch mobs everyone ’ s most populated area hit even worse than was. Newspapers, while officials claimed only five people had died in 2017. 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