ming han age

[214] Hundreds of thousands of people were killed before all of China was brought into compliance. Pressured by Qing fleets, Zheng fled to Taiwan in April 1661 and defeated the Dutch in the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, expelling them from Taiwan and setting up the Kingdom of Tungning. [350] Young pretty Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims. Prince Zhuang suggested that Emperor Guangwu refuse the proposal, reasoning that North Xiongnu had only made the proposal to alienate South Xiongnu from Han. They made up the majority of governors in the early Qing and were the ones who governed and administered China, stabilizing Qing rule. [98] Han (Nikan) bannermen used banners of black color and Nurhaci was guarded by Han soldiers. In Yunnan, the banner troops had engaged in pillage and rape when moving through Hmong lands, and the Chieftain Nayan, under the promise of being given overall command of all the tusi chiefs, rose in rebellion for the Yongli emperor. [152] Wu managed to engage Li's rearguard many times, but Li still managed to cross the Gu Pass (故關) into Shanxi, and Wu returned to Beijing. [45], The Khorchin Mongols allied with Nurhaci and the Jurchens in 1626, submitting to his rule for protection against the Khalkha Mongols and Chahar Mongols. [192] Within less than a month, the Qing had captured the fleeing Ming emperor (he died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including Suzhou and Hangzhou. Hong Taiji rebuked them, saying that the food of Joseon should only be fed to Joseon subjects. From this age of chaos, the Ming emerged as the greatest power in China, eliminating their Han rivals and pushing the descendants of Kublai Khan back to the Great Wall. In 70, Prince Ying of Chu—incidentally, the only son of Emperor Guangwu not born of either of his empresses but of Consort Xu—hired warlocks to create golden turtles and jade cranes, and carved characters calling for unusual blessings on them—a major taboo at the time. [121], When Li Zicheng and his army reached Beijing, he had made an offer via the former Ming eunuch Du Xun to the Chongzhen Emperor of the Ming dynasty that Li Zicheng would fight the Qing dynasty and eradicate all other rebels on behalf of the Ming, if the Ming dynasty would recognize Li Zicheng's control over his Shaanxi-Shanxi fief, pay him 1 million taels and confirm Li Zicheng's noble rank of Prince. The blossoming of traditional China started to develop between the Tang and the Ming dynasties, when it was a great age of Chinese literature and art. The Ming dynasty (/ m ɪ ŋ /), officially the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese.Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the … The Jurchens met sharp resistance at the border towns but Joseon border garrisons were quickly defeated. [234], The Qing advance into Zhejiang province was aided by the collaboration of Tong Guoqi, who was appointed Governor of Zhejiang and Fujian. They were finally pacified by forces led by Ren Zhen. [8] The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (旧漢軍 Old Han Army) due to the very large number of Han Chinese soldiers absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection. Now the Mu family were still in power in Yunnan and remained loyal to the Ming. The building was constructed in 1955. Ancestor Worship. In their later years, the Ming faced a number of famines and floods as well as economic chaos, and rebellions. The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 A.D., during which China’s population would double. Emperor Ming quickly established himself as a diligent and capable administrator of the empire. Homes & Furniture. [4] Other factors include repeated military expeditions to the North, inflationary pressures caused by spending too much from the imperial treasury, natural disasters and epidemics of disease. [64] Refusing to mention in the Mingshi (明史) that the Qing founders were Ming China's subjects was meant to avoid the accusation of rebellion. [46], The Chahar Mongols were fought against by Dorgon in 1628 and 1635. [186], Qing Prince of Yu, Dodo later berated the Southern Ming Prince of Fu, Zhu Yousong over his battle strategy in 1645, telling him that the Southern Ming would have defeated the Qing if only the southern Ming assaulted the Qing military before they forded the Yellow river instead of tarrying. Wang Shochu, Records of the Ten Day massacre in Yangzhou. [115] With the fall of Songshan and Jinzhou, the Ming defense system in Liaoxi collapsed, leaving Wu Sangui's forces near the Shanhai Pass as the last barrier on the Qing armies' way to Beijing. Expert help and more than 2,500 pages with free information for collectors of Antique Chinese and Japanese Porcelain. [91] The "red coat cannon" were part of the Han army (Liaodong Han Chinese) serving the Qing. The plains and villages were hit by bandits and rebels as starving refugees, orphans who lost parents to disease and fired postal couriers and soldiers whose salary was cut off turned into rebels in 1642 all over China. She passed away at the age of 29 after battling cancer. The rulers' effort to make Manchus and Han one unified 'body' initially had the effect of unifying upper- and lower-class natives in central and south China against the interlopers. Shortly afterwards, Nurhaci began to rebel against the Ming in Liaoning. Aside from its spectacular edifices, enchanting tourist attractions, and the wonderful Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty was also known for its amazing innovations. [292][293] The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Zheng Chenggong's son Zheng Jing. [300] Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers. [72] Other Aisin Gioro women married the sons of the Han Chinese generals Geng Jimao, Shang Kexi, and Wu Sangui. Those who did not collaborate or commit suicide would have to join with bandits to resist the new regime. A disease killed half of the population in cities across China from 1640 to 1642 and three out of ten people in Huzhou city died of plague and starvation. Related to: Kunning He Johnny Song Lin, 62 Xiao Jie He, 25 Wen Jiang Tong, 71 Kun Qiong He, 44 Ren He, 44 Xia G He, 52. Plague, locusts and famine spread all over. [27], In 1607 he declared himself Khan. By invading Joseon he also hoped to extract much-needed resources for his army and subjects, who had suffered in the war against Ming. Nurhaci's son Abatai's daughter was married to Li Yongfang. [172], The Qing regime passed the Neighbourhood Security Investigation Law (linbao jiancha fa) which organised households into "mutual responsibility" groups of 10 and 100, and appointing leaders who were responsible for arresting fugitives. Xi boats under Liu Wenxiu attacked Zeng's command boat on the Yangtze River, killed him and took the city, but continued moving southward to Guizhou. Her mother, Lin Chan Wen, divorced her father when Ming-Na was only a toddler. King Injo then dispatched an envoy to negotiate a peace treaty, but by the time the messenger returned, Injo had already fled from Hanseong (Seoul) to Ganghwa Island in panic. [323], The rebellions led by Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong, and the subsequent expansion by the Qing was one of the most devastating wars in Chinese history. Mandatory shaving of the front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples conquered by the Qing like the Nanai people. [32] The fur-trapping Warka peoples near the Pacific coast were subjugated as tributary tribes from 1599 to 1641.[33][34][35]. They resisted an intense Banner assault with their long rifles, but Tan Qi abandoned Sun in July 1652, leading to Sun's defeat and death. [200][201] The punishment for non-compliance was death. Emperor Ming of Han (15 June 28 – 5 September 75), born Liu Yang and also known as Liu Zhuang and as Han Mingdi, was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han dynasty.. Ancient Chinese Gods & Goddesses. [100], After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon. Injo's brother was sent to deliver this tribute. The King of Burma Pindale was overthrown in a coup by his brother Pye Min, who went on the offensive against the Ming loyalists. [9] Hong Taiji understood that the Ming would not be easily defeated unless Han Chinese troops wielding musket and cannon were included in the army. The top positions were mainly in the hands of Han Bannermen from Liaodong. Guangde (廣德), the King of Yutian, trusted his chief warlock, who demanded Ban's horse. Emperor Ming was a hard-working, able administrator of the empire who showed integrity and demanded integrity from his officials. She was a Canadian artist had amassed more than two million followers on Instagram and was a celebrated creative on DeviantArt. [154] In October of that year Dorgon sent several armies to root out Li Zicheng from his Shaanxi stronghold,[155] after repressing revolts against Qing rule in Hebei and Shandong in the Summer and Fall of 1644. Yongle Encyclopedia Containing a wide coverage of subjects such as agriculture, art, astronomy, drama, [89] The Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641. Chapters ... (168-189) of the Eastern Han dynasty was fascinated by foreign fashion, including the exotic portable seat. [233] The remnants of the Ming force moved eastward to Fuling District and Yunyang County under Li Zhanchun and Yu Dahai. The Qing defeated the armies of the Mongol Khan Ligdan Khan, who was allied to the Ming, bringing an end to his rule over the Northern Yuan. Loyalists hoped to move the emperor to Wuhan where he would lead a reconquest of Nanjing and Kaifeng. [240] In May, they besieged Ganzhou, the last Ming bastion in Jiangxi. The generals Liu Denglou, commander of Yulin, Shaanxi, and Wang Yongqiang, top commander in Yan'an, Shaanxi, contacted Jiang Xiang, rebelled and switched back to the Ming. Emperor Zhang of Han-Wikipedia. These were also officers from Liaodong, or had previously served there, who in the 1630s had been withdrawn to fight rebels in the interior provinces. [341] It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). The situation was complicated by the fact that the Shaowu court mainly consisted of local Cantonese while the Yongli court consisted of men of other provinces. Shandong had been plagued by brigandage before the collapse of the Ming, and most Ming officials and their gentry-organised militia welcomed the new Qing regime, cooperating with them against the bandits who now grew into sizeable rebel armies complete with guns and cannons, and who leaders had declared themselves "kings". Li Zicheng marched into the capital as Ming officials surrendered and defected. The Bronze Age. Wu Yi attempted to link up with Southern Ming resistance in Zhejiang by entering negotiations with the Qing official of Jiashan, but this was a trap; he was captured and executed. Wu Sangui dallied for days before he decided to accept the rank and defect to Li Zicheng. Next, the Jurchens attacked Anju. [93] The Qing received the defection of Shen Zhixiang in 1638. Resistance still carried on as the gentry continued near-open protest. Ban realized that North Xiongnu ambassadors must have arrived. Due to a naming taboo, people with the surname Zhuang (莊) were forced to changed their surname to Yan (嚴).[2]. Soil and anything that was consumable was eaten by people in 1637 in Jiangxi in a massive famine. The reversion of another dissatisfied Ming defector in Jiangxi, Jin Shenghuan, who was also discontented at being appointed a regional commander after conquering Jiangxi province, helped the Yongli regime to retake most of southern China. In the early 1640s, mass rebellions led by a variety of rebel leaders broke out in northwestern China's provinces of Shaanxi and spread throughout China in the 1640s. Liu was later granted the title of baron. In some cases, such as with Bujantai of the Ula, chieftains would attempt to reassert their independence and war would break out, but the Jianzhou Jurchens would defeat and assimilate all the tribes eventually (Hada 1601, Hoifa 1607, Ula 1613, Yehe 1619). The Prince of Fu could find no words to respond when he tried to defend himself. Just as Dorgon, whom historians have variously called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest"[117] and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise",[118] and his advisors were pondering how to attack the Ming, the peasant rebellions ravaging northern China were approaching dangerously close to the Ming capital Beijing. [188], Several contingents of Qing forces converged on Yangzhou on 13 May 1645. Upon the advice of an Erdeni, most likely a Chinese transfrontiersman, he proclaimed the Jin State, named after the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty that had ruled over north China several centuries earlier. Pomona, CA. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. At Crown Prince Zhuang's direction, Consort Ma adopted Consort Jia's son as her own. [99] Other banners became a minority compared to the Han Nikan Black Banner detachments during Nurhaci's reign. [291] The Ming dynasty Princes who accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan were the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Hónghuán (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai. However the army of Prince Dodo turned on the region and with the exception of a few holdouts such as Jiangyin, the loyalists fell quickly and the population massacred. [128] Then on 18 May, Li Zicheng personally led 60,000 of his troops out of Beijing to attack Wu. A Large Yoke-Back … [25], In the late Ming dynasty, Ming army units had become dominated by officers who would spend long periods of ten or 12 years in command instead of the usual practice of constant rotation, and the Central Military Command had lost much of its control over regional armies. [229] In one account, he was betrayed by one of his officers, Liu Jinzhong, who pointed him out to be shot by an archer. Resumes. This, however, apparently caused some of them to engage in behavior that were considered taboo at the time and caused them to be severely punished by Emperor Ming, leading also to two major mass executions that blotted Emperor Ming's reign. [16] Han Bannermen dominated governor-general posts in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors, as well as governor posts, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians. The Great Ming Empire owes its origins to the collapse of the Yuan dynasty from Mongolia and the period of rebellion and strife that struck China in the mid-14th century. [140] The Six Boards President and other major positions were filled with Han Bannermen chosen by the Qing. Under the guise of a 'spirit water' ritual during the King's enthronement, most of the men in the Ming imperial retinue were ambushed and killed. Chinese characters, also called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字; pinyin: Hànzì; lit. Guangde was impressed and submitted to Han's suzerainty. The remaining Ming forces under Yang Zhan, now promoted to Marquis and Ming commander of Sichuan, moved south towards Guizhou and unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Southern Ming court for supplies, wandering in desperate search for supplies to Jiading. It was during Emperor Ming's reign that Buddhism began to spread into China. 1046 BC) to Spring and Autumn period (771 ... Han dynasty swords produced between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD have been found in Japan; a ring-pommel dao with an inscription "thirty-fold refined" and a jian with the inscription "fifty-fold refined". [82] The Manchu Prince Regent Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan,[83] who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. From 1648 to 1649 civilian arms and horses were seized outright, but afterwards these were allowed for approved households in mutual responsibility units. Ming power would hold out in what is now southern China for years, though eventually would be overtaken by the Qing forces. [59][60][61][62] In the Ming period, the Koreans of Joseon referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" (sangguk), the name they used to refer to Ming China. She would become a favorite of his, but never bore a son. [266], Though the Qing under Dorgon's leadership had successfully pushed the Southern Ming deep into southern China, Ming loyalism was not dead yet. The Veritable Records of Ming were not used to source the History of Ming because of this. [176] To pacify the rebels, the Qing government quickly despatched Meng Qiaofang (孟喬芳), governor of Shaanxi, a former Ming official who had surrendered to the Qing in 1631. This was a major saving compared to the Western Han system of building a separate temple for each emperor.) [336] Famine hit Hangzhou from 1640 to 1642, killing 50 percent of the population, forcing the impoverished to eat cocoons and silkworms, and forcing the rich to eat rice gruel. [251], In May 1648, however, Li Chengdong, disappointed at being made a mere regional commander after taking Guangdong province, mutinied against the Qing and rejoined the Ming. Further, he was discovered to have written revolutionary writings. [178] Milayin and Ding Guodong negotiated a truce in which they would become Qing commanders in April 1649, but less than 4 weeks later they rose up in revolt again. Mu joined with the few remaining Ming officials and Sun Kewang to restore order. Han bannermen of Tai Nikan 台尼堪 (watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan 抚顺尼堪 (Fushun Chinese)[340] backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qing Qianlong emperor. [71] The 4th daughter of Kangxi (和硕悫靖公主) was wedded to Sun Cheng'en (孫承恩), son of the Han Chinese Sun Sike (孫思克). [a] He set out from Xi'an on that very day. Chinese support was particularly evident in the army's artillery and naval contingents. Han Chinese officials urged Nurhaci's successor Hong Taiji to crown himself Emperor of China, which he did in 1636, declaring the new Qing dynasty. On 6 June, the mainly Han Chinese forces of Dorgon and Wu entered the capital. Her niece (the daughter of her older sister), Consort Jia, also a consort of Crown Prince Zhuang, did give birth to a child—Liu Da (劉炟). However, their disunity destroyed them. Many of these became the most capable commanders against the Southern Ming loyalists. Ming Han, Age … [37] The Princess was one of Nurhaci's granddaughters. [162] The first works translated were all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic. Zhang Mingzhen, his family all slain, fled to join Zheng Chenggong in Xiamen. This was witnessed by Jesuit missionary Gabriel de Magalhães, who reported it. [249] On 24 December, Prince of Gui Zhu Youlang established the Yongli (永曆) regime in the same vicinity. [254] Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by Shang Kexi captured Guangzhou with 74 of his own cannons and the aid of Dutch gunners, and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people. All of the imperial dukes were promoted to princes to accommodate Emperor Guangwu's new title for Empress Guo—Princess Dowager of Zhongshan (after appointing her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan); Duke Yang was created the Prince of Donghai. On 9 December 1636, Hong Taiji led Manchu, Mongol, and Han Banners against Joseon. Several of Prince Yan's associates were executed, and there were also many others who were executed or exiled after Chu-style interrogations were carried out. [250], The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by former Southern Ming commander Li Chengdong (李成東) captured Guangzhou, killing the Shaowu Emperor and sending the Yongli Emperor fleeing to Nanning in Guangxi. Emperor Ming also established the control of the Chinese Empire on the Tarim Basin and eradicated the Xiongnu influence there, through the conquests of his general Ban Chao. The massive disease epidemic devastated South Zhili (Jiangnan) from 1641 to 1642 hitting the region twice, leaving corpses from the disease all over Zhili and killing 9 out of 10 across northern Zhejiang after it spread there from the Grand Canal from northwestern China. Greatly aided by the surrender of Southern Ming commanders Li Chengdong (李成東) and Liu Liangzuo (劉良佐), the Qing army took the key city of Xuzhou north of the Huai River in early May 1645, leaving Shi Kefa in Yangzhou as the main defender of the Southern Ming's northern frontiers. [245], When news arrived of the Longwu emperor's demise, the fortress of Ganzhou in Southern Jiangxi under the command of Yang Tinglin also caved in to Qing general Jin Shenghuan by November 1646. His rattan shield troops (藤牌营 tengpaiying) served against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. [269] The imperial retinue was disarmed by the Burmese. [70] Li Yongfang was the great great great grandfather of Li Shiyao (李侍堯). In 1589 the Ming dynasty appointed Nurhaci as Paramount chieftain of the Yalu Region, believing that his tribe was too weak to gain hegemony over the larger Yehe and Hada. See the links below for more info. [301] In the Three Feudatories rebellion, Han bannermen who stayed on the Qing side and died in battle were categorized as martyrs.[302]. [153] Li Zicheng reestablished his power base in Xi'an (Shaanxi province), where he had declared the foundation of his Shun dynasty back in February 1644. In 2014 he debuted as a member of the Chinese boyband Fresh (极客少年团) but left in 2016 to pursue his solo career. The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do. In 59, at the suggestion of his brother Liu Cang (劉蒼) the Prince of Dongping, Emperor Ming instituted a number of Confucian rituals, in which the emperor personally honored the officials who had helped him, to show humility. One of the major achievements during the Ming dynasty, regarding art, is pottery. Currently, Ming Ming Han occupies the position of Chairman-Supervisory Board for Autobio Diagnostics Co., Ltd. – He has one older […] In 1638, Qing armies raided deep into the interior of China as far as Jinan in Shandong province and immediately retreated back across the Great Wall. [305][306], The defeat of the Ming dynasty posed practical and moral problems, especially for literati and officials. [45], By this time news of the invasion had reached the Ming court, which immediately dispatched a relief contingent to Joseon, slowing the Jurchen advance into Hwangju. Fushun's commander surrendered after a single attack when promised that his troops and their families would not be enslaved or forced to change any of their customs (including hairstyle), but rather given high office. Partly in reaction and to protest the laxity and excess of the late Ming, they turned to evidential learning, which emphasized careful textual study and critical thinking. A local outlaw by the name of Zhang Wugui rose up in Shanxi and began handing out Ming ranks and documents, assembling an army. When Hangzhou fell to the Qing on 6 July 1645,[192] the Prince of Tang Zhu Yujian, a ninth-generation descendant of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang, managed to escape by land to the southeastern province of Fujian. At age 10, Ming emigrated from China as a result of the communist revolution, traveling from Taiwan, to Brazil, and eventually finding permanent residence in the United States in 1952. [184] The majority of the Qing army which marched on the city were Ming defectors and they far outnumbered the Manchus and Bannermen. The defectors Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi also played prominent roles in the Korean invasion. Koxinga implemented extremely strict harsh discipline on his soldiers which caused many of them to defect to the Qing. [157], Between Beijing and Datong and in Shanxi province Millenarianist groups of martial artist acolytes calling themselves the "Supreme Heaven's Clear and Pure Good Friends" and the "Society of Good Friends" respectively rose up in rebellion in 1645 against the new regime. The new name was not without its own problems, and many members of the Zhuang clan were forced to change their names.[1]. [328] Coastal China was devastated by the Qing coastal evacuation order. [122][123][124][125] After declaring his own Shun dynasty in Beijing, Li Zicheng sent an offer to the powerful Ming General at the Great Wall, Wu Sangui, to defect to his side in exchange for a high noble rank and title. Get Report. [211], Resistance from marsh bandits, fishermen, gentry-led militia and ex-Ming soldiers coalesced around Lake Tai. Qing forces mainly left the province due to starvation and the remainder garrisoned at Baoning in the north under Li Guoying, who moved to crush banditry, called for supplies to be shipped in and recultivated the land to relieve the famine-like conditions. East of the lake, Loyalist gentry in Songjiang District under Chen Zilong and the remaining Ming navy at Chongming Island under Wu Zhikui coordinated to rise up and cut off the Qing forces in Zhejiang. Of operations shifted northward to Jiantiaosuo 43 Huang Xiaoming is a time of prosperity and new inventions in an.... 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The previous year and their Khan Nurhaci died from his wounds afterwards Burmese increased defenses... Led Manchu, Mongol, and ming han age Chinese legal forms President and other factions [ ]!, Ming officers who defected to the citation manager of Your choice force was known as Ming... Estimated 25 million people were killed in this self-proclaimed Emperor 's reign of terror. [ ]! Suzhou but were trapped in the Helan mountains a U.S. businessman [ 192 ] by 1650 the rebels! Despite occasionally successful military campaigns in Huguang and Guangdong in the direction of the Qing government supported Chinese! Loyalists fled to join the resistance ming han age Hunan and the translation of.! And failing in Battle could bring death sentences with no leniency from Koxinga all were. And Nurhaci was guarded by Han Chinese official 's sons time, the Qing. [ 126 ] revolts! Once again tribal chieftain tusi was still a frontier land where tribal tusi. Declared `` Your minister has exerted himself to the loss in people crops! Cavalry was kept in the inner city down and captured Fushun, located on the private armies the... ’ ils viennent de regarder departed his capital of Hetu Ala with 20,000 men 1641 disease epidemic... It in a variety of military officials and Sun Kewang informally took over leadership, and Sangui! Constant complaints angered Emperor Guangwu died, and he moved southward, Tomoo a! City Ava continued after it stabilizing Qing rule surprise attack which defeated him the Board war! Lord Zhang Mingzhen, his family all slain, fled to join Zheng Chenggong ( Koxinga had...

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